Synthetic Toll-Like Receptor 4 Agonists Stimulate Innate Resistance to Infectious Challenge

Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mediates Innate

Toll-like receptor 4 on stromal and hematopoietic cells mediates innate resistance to uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Innate host defenses at mucosal surfaces are critical in the early stages of many bacterial infections. In addition to cells of the traditional innate immune system, epithelial cells can also produce inflammatory mediators during an infection. However, the role of the epithelium in innate host defense in vivo is unclear. Recent studies have shown that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition is cri...

Histone deacetylase inhibitors impair innate immune responses to Toll-like receptor agonists and to infection.

Regulated by histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases (HDACs), histone acetylation is a key epigenetic mechanism controlling chromatin structure, DNA accessibility, and gene expression. HDAC inhibitors induce growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of tumor cells and are used as anticancer agents. Here we describe the effects of HDAC inhibitors on microbial sensing by macrophages and d...

Retinal Muller Glia Initiate Innate Response to Infectious Stimuli via Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

Ocular surgeries and trauma predispose the eye to develop infectious endophthalmitis, which often leads to vision loss. The mechanisms of initiation of innate defense in this disease are not well understood but are presumed to involve retinal glial cells. We hypothesize that retinal Muller glia can recognize and respond to invading pathogens via TLRs, which are key regulators of the innate immu...

Neonatal innate immunity and Toll-like receptor

The innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial infections. Innate immunity is made up of the surface barrier, cellular immunity and humoral immunity. In newborn, immunologic function and demands are different to adults. Neonatal innate immunity specifically suppresses Th1-type immune responses, and not Th2-type immune responses, which are enhanced. And the impaired re...